Nada PARAĐIKOVIĆ¹, Jasna ŠOŠTARIĆ¹, Zlata MILAKOVIĆ¹, Davor ŠAMOTA¹, Darin PARAĐIKOVIĆ<sup>2

1</sup>Poljoprivredni fakultet, Osijek, Trg Sv. Trojstva 3. 31 000 OSIJEK (E-mail: davor.kralik@hi.hinet.hr)
²FIRMA Blata d.o.o. Malinovac

Uvod

Hidroponijski način proizvodnje paprike već je gotovo 20 godina usvojen u razvijenim zemljama Europe i svijeta. U Hrvatskoj se ovakva proizvodnja nalazi na samom početku. U ovoj proizvodnji biljke su optimalno opskrbljene vodom i biljnim hranivima, zbog čega brže rastu, zdravije su i otpornije na bolesti. Sa pozicije zaštite okoliša najveće poboljšanje daje uvođenje zatvorenog tipa primjene hidroponijskog uzgoja.

Materija i metode

Pokusi su postavljeni u trogodišnjem istraživanju na lokaciji "Vukovarski plastenici" u Vukovaru na hibridu paprike Danubia. Sklop biljaka je 40 000/ha. Paprika je posađena u staklenicima Szentes (Mađarska) u travnju 2002 godine, a 20. svibnja 2002. su presađene u plastenike u Vukovaru, te je prva berba je bila 10. srpnja 2002. godine. Presadnice su uzgojene u kockama kamene vune prema grodanovoj tehnologiji iz Danske. Kompjuterskim sistemom uz pomoć mikro procesora i senzora u klimatima kontrolira se cijeli sistem tehnologije. Koristili smo biološke preparate u zaštiti od bijele mušice (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) preparat EN-SRTIP s parazitom Encarsia fromosa proizvođača Koppert iz Nizozemske i preparat ERETMOPACK i ENPACK proizvođača Royal Brinkman iz Nizozemske. Za suzbijanje kalifornijskog tripsa (Frankliniella occidentalis) koristili smo preparat ORIPACK od proizvođača Royal Brinkman. Sistemom kap po kap biljke su navodnjavane i prihranjivane makro i mikro elementima, a što direktno ovisi o fazi razvoja biljke. Dnevno, za vrijeme toplog sunčanog dana, automatski, prema vrijednostima solarne radijacije (w/m2) vršeno navodnjavanje hranjivom otopinom od 10 - 15 puta na dan, za vrijeme oblačnog dana između 4 i 5 navodnjavanja. Sa početkom mjeseca rujna, kada su dani bili vrlo oblačni, bile je samo 3 navodnjavanja. Fertigacija vršena je svako dnevno zajedno sa navodnjavanjem prema programu proizvođača hibrida. Redovno je mjeren WC u % (vodni kapacitet), temperatura i količina ulaza hranjive otopine u zoni korijena u kamenoj vuni, kao i filtrata. Paralelno je mjerena radijacija W/m².

Rezultati i diskusija

Od bitne važnosti je racionalizacja korištenja gnojiva da se odredi točan broj fertigacije tijekom dana. Iako tehnologija u ovom uzgoju propisuje relativnu vlažnost zraka iznad 90% naša mjerenja su pokazala da je od izuzetne važnosti kontrola % WC u kocki kamene vune, temperatura hranjive otopine koja se aplicira u zonu korijena paprike, kao i konstantna kontrola električne provodljivosti (Tablica 1, 2, 3), te u slučaju ovako visoke relativne vlažnosti zraka količina filtrata bila je znatno veća po biljci, čak 40% i više. To se može obrazložiti da je sadržaj hranjiva bio uskraćen a što se očitovalo i manjim prinosom i većim brojem opadanja mladih plodova paprike, te pojavom vršne truleži uvjetovane nedostatkom kalcija (Parađiković i sur. 2000.).

Tablica 1: Prikaz mjerenja utroška hranjive otopine po biljci paprike

Ponavljanje	Ulaz hranjive otopine u kocku kamene vune u zoni korijena paprike	Količina filtrata koji se ocijedi iz kocke kamene vune ml (%)	Ulaz hranjive otopine u kocku kamene vune u zoni korijena paprike	Količina filtrata koji se ocijedi iz kocke kamene vune ml (%)
I.	1525 ml	600 ml ( 39%)	1375 ml	450 ml ( 32%)
	1600 ml	575 ml ( 36%)	1475 ml	525 ml ( 36%)
II.	1575 ml	410 ml ( 26%)	1475 ml	600 ml ( 40%)
	1350 ml	400 ml ( 29%)	1375 ml	475 ml ( 34%)
III.	1375 ml	500 ml ( 36%)	1425 ml	450 ml ( 31%)
	1325 ml	450 ml ( 34%)	1375 ml	525 ml ( 38%)
IV.	1575 ml	625 ml ( 39%)	1400 ml	725 ml ( 48%)
	1500 ml	525 ml ( 35%)	1500 ml	675 ml ( 45%)
Kontrola	1600 ml	650 ml ( 40%)	1650 ml	700 ml ( 42%)
	1625 ml	575 ml ( 35%)	1600 ml	550 ml ( 34%)

Jedan od važnih ograničavajućih čimbenika uspješne proizvodnje paprike u hidroponijskom uzgoju je kontrola ulaza hranjive otopine u zonu korijena biljke kao i količina filtrata koji se ocijedi (Papadopoulos, 1997.).

Tablica 2: Prikaz obavljenog mjerenja u blokovima kamene vune u uzgoju paprike

Mjerenjem prosječna masa ploda paprike izvršena je na trideset biljaka u zonama mjerenja utroška hranjive otopine po biljci paprike. Na prvoj etaži prosječna masa ploda je bila 97,0 g (prosjek pet plodova), na drugoj etaži 99,5 g (prosjek sedam plodova), na trećoj etaži 88,4 g (prosjek osam plodova), na četvrtoj etaži 101,5 g (prosjek pet plodova), na petoj etaži 91,4 g (prosjek šest plodova), na šestoj etaži 94,7 g (prosjek sedam plodova) i na sedmoj etaži 102,4 g (prosjek šest plodova). Prosječna masa ploda iznosila je kroz sve berbe po biljci 96,4 g. Analizom pojedinačnog prosječnog prinosa paprike sa usporedbom prema količini utroška hranjive otopine po biljci paprike ide u korist saznanju da je viša količina hranjive otopine u kocki kamene vuni u zoni korijena paprike zadržana u većem postotku, u odnosu na količinu filtrata koji se je ocijedio.

Tablica 3: Prikaz utjecaja solarne radijacije na broj navodnjavanja hranjivom otopinom po danu

Danas je u svijetu metoda hidroponskog uzgoja u potpunosti prihvaćena, a pouzdano se zna da je prinos paprike dobiven ovom tehnologijom veći za 12 do 20 t/ha, što ovisi koliko dugo se berba komercijalizira. U ovom radu ispitivan je utjecaj različite količine hranjive otopine po obroku, i kako je to djelovalo na kondiciju biljke u cijelosti. Kako su berbe ovog ispitivanja još u toku, rezultati će u cijelosti biti prikazani i objavljeni u publikaciji "Kemija u industriji". Sa pozicije zaštite okoliša, posebno zaštite voda, najveće poboljšanje daje definitivno uvođenje zatvorenog tipa hidroponijskog uzgoja što je i naša preporuka.

Literatura

1. Parađiković Nada (2002): Osnove proizvodnje povrća. 2002. Osijek Katava
2. Parađiković Nada i sur (2000) The influence of Ca -foliar applications on yield and quelity of sweet papper in glasshouse condition. Cairo, Egipt
3. Papadopoulous, A. P. i sur.(1997) An evaolation of nutrient film and closed rockwool and polyerethane foam for sweet pepper in greenhouses. Interim report 12 pp (1997)

Nada PARAĐIKOVIĆ¹, Jasna ŠOŠTARIĆ¹, Zlata MILAKOVIĆ¹, Davor ŠAMOTA¹, Darin PARAĐIKOVIĆ<sup>2

1</sup>Poljoprivredni fakultet, Osijek, Trg Sv. Trojstva 3. 31 000 OSIJEK (E-mail: davor.kralik@hi.hinet.hr)
²FIRMA Blata d.o.o. Malinovac

Introduction

It has been proven that tiny root hairs absorb soil nutrient mineral solutions even without supstrates, i.e. without soil. Soil can be replaced by some neutral substances (vermiculite, mineral rockwool, polyurethane foam etc.). The open and closed system of plant production without soil but with the nutrient solutions developed simultaneously with the development of production technology in the protected areas. This method is known as hydroponic production.

This way of production has been widely accepted throughout the world. Moreover, it has been proven that the pepper yield significantly increased by the use of this technology than by any other usual method. Papadopoulos. 1997.

The most favorable results regarding environment protection, especially water protection were achieved by the application of the closed type of hydroponic production.

Materials and Methods

This research was conducted in "Vukovarski plastenici" in Vukovar. The size of the plastic greenhouse was 2 ha, and the planted pepper was the hybrid Danubia. The technology was set according Grodan-Trefil Arbed corpration. In this pepper production the nutrition of the plant was balanced and due to controlled day and night temperatures (°C) and relative air humidity (%) the plant ilnesses were very rare. Vermins were controlled mechanically with the help of sticky board traps and biologically by predators. Drop irrigation system irrigated plants and supplied the nutritive solution via computers. EC was 2,0 mMho, pH was 5,8-6,0 and the following values of macro and micronutrients values varied according to the stage of the plant development: NH 17,2 ppm, NO3 185,0 ppm, P 45,0 ppm, K 300,0 ppm, Ca 160,0 ppm, Mg 35,0 ppm, Mn 0,40 ppm, Fe 1,5 ppm, SO4 220,0 - 400,0 ppm, Cu 0,2 ppm, B 0,15 - 0,20 ppm by addition of HNO3 acid. All the necessary parameters were controlled simultaneously including W/m2. Picking and crop yield values are shown in the paper.

Results and discussion

Economical fertilizer use is very important for determination of exact fertigation number during a day. Although this growth technology demands relative air humifdity above 90%, our measurings showed that control of %WC in a rockwool cube, nutrient solution temperature applied in the pepper root zone as well as constant electric conductivitiy control (Table 1, 2, 3) are of especial importance.. Also ,filtrate amount was considerably higher per plant, even 40% and more in the case of such high relative humidity. This can be explained by the reduced nutrients content being reflected in lower yield and higher number of dropped young? pepper fruits as well as in peak rot occurrence caused by calcium deficiency (Parađiković et al., 2000).

Table 1. Measuring of nutrient solution consumption per pepper plant

Lodging	Nutrient solution entering rockwool cube in the pepper root zone	Filtrate rate drained from rockwool cube ml (%)	Nutrient solution entering rockwool cube in the pepper root zone	Filtrate rate drained from rockwool cube ml (%)
I.	1525 ml	600 ml ( 39%)	1375 ml	450 ml ( 32%)
	1600 ml	575 ml ( 36%)	1475 ml	525 ml ( 36%)
II.	1575 ml	410 ml ( 26%)	1475 ml	600 ml ( 40%)
	1350 ml	400 ml ( 29%)	1375 ml	475 ml ( 34%)
III.	1375 ml	500 ml ( 36%)	1425 ml	450 ml ( 31%)
	1325 ml	450 ml ( 34%)	1375 ml	525 ml ( 38%)
IV.	1575 ml	625 ml ( 39%)	1400 ml	725 ml ( 48%)
	1500 ml	525 ml ( 35%)	1500 ml	675 ml ( 45%)
Control	1600 ml	650 ml ( 40%)	1650 ml	700 ml ( 42%)
	1625 ml	575 ml ( 35%)	1600 ml	550 ml ( 34%)

One of the vital limiting factors in a successful pepper production in hydroponic growing is a control of entering nutrient solution into a plant root zone as well as filtrate rate being drained (Papadopoulos, 1997).

Table 2. Conducted measurings in pepper growing rockwool blocks

Thirty plants were comprised by measuring average pepper fruit weight in the zones of nutrient solution consumption per pepper plant.Average fruit weight per level was as follows: first level 97.0 g (five fruits average), second -99.5 g (seven fruits average), third-88.4 g (eight fruits average), fourth - 101.5 g (five fruits average), fifth - 91.4 g (six fruits average), sixth 94.7 g (seven fruits average) and seventh - 102.4 g (six fruits average). Average fruit weight was 96.4 g per plant in all pickings. Analysis of individual average pepper yield compared to amount of nutrient solution consumption is in favour of the knowledge that larger nutrient solution amount was retained in a rockwool cube in the pepper root zone compared to filtrate rate being drained.

Table 3: Influence of solar radiation on irrigation conducted by nutrient solution per day

Today, hydroponic growing method has been completely accepted throughout the world whereas pepper yield obtained by this technology is higher by 12 to 20 t/ha depending on picking commercialism duration.

Conclusion

1. Matotan Z., (2002):Pepper production, Croatian Cooperative Association, Zagreb
2. Parađiković Nada (2002): Basics of Vegetables Production, 2002. Osijek, Katava
3. Parađiković Nada (2002): Osnove proizvodnje povrća. 2002. Osijek Katava
4. Parađiković Nada i sur (2000) The influence of Ca -foliar applications on yield and quelity of sweet papper in glasshouse condition. Cairo, Egipt